Type of Surgery
Information
Last updated: 11/24/2009
BOOKS
"Chromosomal Abnormalities." In Section 19, Chapter 261 in The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, edited by Mark H. Beers, and Robert Berkow. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 1999.
Colucciello,...
Stephen A., MD. "Maxillofacial Trauma." In Chapter 138 in The Emergency Medicine Reports Textbook of Adult and Pediatric Emergency Medicine, edited by Gideon Bosker. Atlanta, GA: American Health Consultants, 2000.
"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities." In Section 19, Chapter 261 in The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, edited by Mark H. Beers, and Robert Berkow. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 1999.
Nafte, Myriam. Flesh and Bone: An Introduction to ForensicAnthropology, Chapter 7, "Reconstructing Identity." Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2000.
Sargent, Larry. The Craniofacial Surgery Book. Chattanooga, TN: Erlanger Health System, 2000.
PERIODICALS
Cordeiro, P. G., and J. J. Disa. "Challenges in Midface Reconstruction."Seminars in Surgical Oncology, 19 (October–November 2000): 218–225.
Eppley, B. L. "Craniofacial Reconstruction with Computer-Generated HTR Patient-matched Implants: Use in Primary Bony Tumor Excision."Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 13 (September 2002): 650–657.
Eufinger, H., and M. Wehmoller. "Microsurgical Tissue Transfer and Individual Computer-aided Designed and Manufactured Prefabricated Titanium Implants for Complex Craniofacial Reconstruction."Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 36 (2002): 326–331.
Girotto, J. A., et al. "Long-term Physical Impairment and Functional Outcomes After Complex Facial Fractures."Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 108 (August 2001): 312–327.
Hunt, J. A., and P. C. Hobar. "Common Craniofacial Anomalies: The Facial Dysostoses."Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 110 (December 2002): 1714–1725.
Kos, M., et al. "Midfacial Fractures in Children."EuropeanJournal of Pediatric Surgery, 12 (August 2002): 218–225.
Leong, K., C. L. Nastala, and P. T. Wang. "Cosmetic Aspects of Cranial Reconstruction."Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, 13 (October 2002): 491–503.
Lorenz, R. R., et al. "Hydroxyapatite Cement Reconstruction in the Growing Craniofacial Skeleton: An Experimental Model."Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 13 (November 2002): 802–808.
Moreira-Gonzalez, A., et al. "Clinical Outcome in Cranioplasty: Critical Review in Long-term Follow-up."Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 14 (March 2003): 144–153.
Papadoupoulos, M. A., et al. "Three-dimensional Craniofacial Reconstruction Imaging."Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics, 93 (April 2002): 382–393.
Parsa, Tatiana, Arthur Adamo, and Yvette Calderon. "Initial Evaluation and Management of Maxillofacial Injuries."eMedicine, August 28, 2002 [March 8, 2003].
Rusch, M. D., et al. "Psychological Adjustment in Children After Traumatic Disfiguring Injuries: A 12-month Follow-up."Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 106 (December 2000): 1451–1458.
Sarwer, D. B., and C. E. Crerand. "Psychological Issues in Patient Outcomes."Facial Plastic Surgery: FPS, 18 (May 2002): 125–133.
Strumas, N., O. Antonyshyn, C. B. Caldwell, and J. Mainprize. "Multimodality Imaging for Precise Localization of Craniofacial Osteomyelitis."Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 14 (March 2003): 215–219.
Thompson, A., and G. Kent. "Adjusting to Disfigurement: Processes Involved in Dealing with Being Visibly Different."Clinical Psychology Review, 21 (July 2001): 663–682.
Vanezis, M., and P. Vanezis. "Cranio-Facial Reconstruction in Forensic Identification—Historical Development and a Review of Current Practice."Medicine, Science, and the Law, 40 (July 2000): 197–205.
Yucel, A., et al. "Malignant Tumors Requiring Maxillectomy."Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 11 (September 2000): 418–429.
ORGANIZATIONS
American Burn Association. 625 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1530, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 642-9260.
American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. 104 South Estes Drive, Suite 204, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. (919) 933-9044.
American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). 444 East Algonquin Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60005. (847) 228-9900.
FACES: The National Craniofacial Association. P. O. Box 11082, Chattanooga, TN 37401. (800) 332-2373.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Laboratory Division. J. Edgar Hoover Building, 935 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20535-0001.
National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS). 666 Broadway, New York, NY 10012. (212) 460-9330 or (800) 221-4602.
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). 55 Kenosia Avenue, P. O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 06813-1968. (203) 744-0100.
University of Maryland Medical Center, R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center. 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (410) 328-2757 or (800) 373-4111.
OTHER
Tuncay, Orhan C., M. Nuveen, C. X. Nguyen, and J. Slattery. "The Development of a System for Three-Dimensional Imaging and Animation of the Craniofacial Complex."Greater Philadelphia Society of Orthodontists Newsletter, June 2000 [March 24, 2003].
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Interview with the lead surgeon who performed the first full face transplant surgery in the United States. The video the process that was involved with the face transplant procedure, the benefit to the patient and the possible ethical concerns to this ground-breaking procedure.
A child undergoing surgery on the skull. (Photograph by Alexander Tsiaras. Science Source/Photo Researchers. Reproduced by permission.)
To repair severe fractures around the nasal bone (A), an incision is made into the patient's skin at the top of the head (B). The skin is pulled off the face to expose the fracture (C), which then can be repaired with plates and screws (D). (Illustration by GGS Inc.)
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Other Information
Definition
Craniofacial reconstruction refers to a group of procedures used to repair or reshape the face and skull of a living person, or to create a replica of the head and face of a dead or missing person. The word "craniofacial" is a combination of "cranium," which is the medical word for the upper portion of the skull, and facial. Craniofacial reconstruction is sometimes called orbital-craniofacial surgery; "orbital" refers to the name of the bony cavity in the face that surrounds the eyeball.
Purpose
Craniofacial reconstruction has several different purposes depending on the group of patients or persons in question. In children, craniofacial reconstruction is done to repair abnormalities in the shape of the child's skull and facial features resulting from birth defects or genetic disorders. It is also done to repair traumatic injuries resulting from accidents or child abuse. Craniofacial reconstruction in children requires special techniques and planning because the surgeon must allow for future growth of the child's facial bones and skull.
In adults, craniofacial reconstruction is most commonly done following head or facial trauma, but it is also performed on cancer patients who have lost part of the bony structures or soft tissue of the face following tumor surgery. In both adults and children, the reconstruction is intended to restore the functioning of the patient's mouth, jaw, and sensory organs as well as improve his or her appearance. Craniofacial reconstruction is a complicated procedure because the surgeon is operating on a part of the body that contains the brain and upper part of the spinal cord, the eyes, and other sensory organs, and the opening of the patient's airway—all within a small space.
The third major application of craniofacial reconstruction is in forensic medicine and anthropology. Forensic is a term that refers to legal matters. Physicians who specialize in forensic science study the remains of people who have died to establish not only the cause of death but in some cases, the identity of the dead person. Craniofacial reconstruction is one approach to this identification. Anthropologists, the scientists who study the origins and cultural development of humans, make use of craniofacial reconstruction to understand what prehistoric people looked like and to compare them with
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