Type of Surgery
Information
Last updated: 02/17/2009
BOOKS
Ryan, Kenneth J., et al. Kistner's Gynecology and Women'sHealth. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc., 1999.
Walsh, Patrick C., et al. Campbell's Urology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Science,...
2002.
PERIODICALS
Brown, Jeanette S., L. Elaine Waetjen, Leslee L. Subak, David H. Thom, Stephen Van Den Eeden, and Eric Vittinghoff. "Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery in the United States, 1997."American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 186 (April 2002): 712–6.
Cespedes, R. Duane, Cindy A. Cross, and Edward J. McGuire. "Pelvic Prolapse: Diagnosing and Treating Cystoceles, Rectoceles, and Enteroceles."Medscape Women's Health eJournal 3 (1998).
Viera, Anthony, and Margaret Larkins-Pettigrew. "Practice Use of the Pessary."American Family Physician 61 (May 1, 2000): 2719–2726.
ORGANIZATIONS
American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2915 Vine Street, Dallas, TX 75204. (214) 871-1619.
American Urological Association. 1120 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (410) 727-1100.
OTHER
"Cystocele (Fallen Bladder)."National Kidney and UrologicDiseases Information Clearinghouse. March 2002 [cited April 11, 2003].
Miklos, John. "Vaginal Prolapse Relaxation."OBGYN.net. 2002 [cited April 11, 2003].
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Other Information
Definition
A cystocele is the protrusion or prolapse of the bladder into the vagina. A number of surgical interventions are available to treat cystoceles.
Purpose
A prolapse occurs when an organ falls out of its normal anatomical position. The pelvic organs normally have tissue (muscle, ligaments, etc.) holding them in place. Certain factors, however, may cause those tissues to weaken, leading to prolapse of the organs. A cystocele may be the result of a central or lateral (side) defect. A central defect occurs when the bladder protrudes into the center of the anterior (front) wall of the vagina due to a defect in the pubocervical fascia (fibrous tissue that separates the bladder and vagina). The pubocervical fascia is also attached on each side to tough connective tissue called the arcus tendineus; if a defect occurs close to this attachment, it is called a lateral or paravaginal defect. A central and lateral defect may be present simultaneously. The location of the defect determines what surgical procedure is performed.
Other Information
A significant drop in libido in a young male raises serious questions about hormone levels, as well as other problems; if all is normal, the most common non-physical causes are stress, exhaustion, worry and depression.
-Charlie MacCormack
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