Type of Surgery
Information
Last updated: 11/24/2009
BOOKS
Buckman, Robert. "Bladder." In What You Really Need ToKnow About Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide for Patients and Their Families. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Miller, B. E.,...
ed. An Atlas of Sigmoidoscopy and Cystoscopy. Boca Raton: CRC Press-Parthenon Publishers, 2001.
Segen, Joseph C., and Joseph Stauffer. "Cystoscopy." In ThePatient's Guide To Medical Tests: Everything You Need To Know About The Tests Your Doctor Prescribes. New York: Facts On File, 1998.
Tierney, Lawrence M. Jr., Stephen J. McPhee, and Maxine A. Papadakis, eds. "Urology." In Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1996.
PERIODICALS
Fraczyk, L., H. Godfrey, and R. Feneley. "Flexible Cystoscopy: Outpatients or Domiciliary?"British Journal of Community Nursing 7 (February 2002): 69โ74.
Jabs, C. F., and H. P. Drutz. "The Role of Intraoperative Cystoscopy in Prolapse and Incontinence Surgery."American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 185 (December 2001): 1368โ1371.
Kwon, C. H., R. Goldberg, S. Koduri, and P. K. Sand. "The Use of Intraoperative Cystoscopy in Major Vaginal and Urogynecologic Surgeries."American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 187 (December 2002): 1471โ1472.
Payne, D. A., and R. C. Kockelbergh. "Improving the View at Flexible Cystoscopy."Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 85 (March 2003): 132โ138.
Sant, Grannum R., and Philip M. Hanno. "Interstitial Cystitis: Current Issues and Controversies in Diagnosis."Urology 57, Supplement 6A (June 2001): 82โ88.
Satoh, E., N. Miyao, H. Tachiki, and Y. Fujisawa. "Prediction of Muscle Invasion of Bladder Cancer by Cystoscopy."European Urology 41 (February 2002): 178โ181.
ORGANIZATIONS
American Urological Association. 1120 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (410) 727-1100.
American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1128 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 242-2383.
Interstitial Cystitis Association. 51 Monroe Street, Suite 1402, Rockville, MD 20850. (301) 610-5300.
Society of Urologic Nurses and Associates. East Holly Avenue, Box 56, Pitman, NJ 08071-0056. (609) 256-2335.
OTHER
"Cystoscopy."Harvard Medical School.
"What Is IC? Interstitial Cystitis Fact Sheet."Interstitial Cystitis Association.
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The 2D animation explains the process involved in a male cystoscopy procedure. A cystoscopy is a procedure that allows a urologist to see inside the urinary bladder. Note that the instruments shown in the animation are smaller relative to the patient in an actual cystoscopy.
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Endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra is called cystoscopy. Diagnostic cystoscopy is usually carried out with local anaesthesia. General anaesthesia is sometimes used for operative cystoscopic procedures.
When a patient has a urinary problem, the doctor may use a cystoscope to see the inside of the bladder and urethra.
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The cystoscope has lenses like a telescope or microscope. These lenses let the doctor focus on the inner surfaces of the urinary tract. Some cystoscopes use optical fibres (flexible glass fibres) that carry an image from the tip of the instrument to a viewing piece at the other end. The cystoscope is as thick as a pencil and has a light at the tip. Many cystoscopes have extra tubes to guide other instruments for surgical procedures to treat urinary problems.
There are two main types of cystoscopy - flexible and rigid - differing in the flexibility of the cystoscope. Flexible cystoscopy is carried out using local anaesthesia on both sexes. Typically, lidocaine gel (such as the brand name Instillagel) is used as an anaesthetic, instilled in the urethra. Rigid cystoscopy can be performed under the same conditions, but is generally carried out under general anaesthesia, particularly in male subjects, due to the pain caused by the probe.
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Circumcision is a controversial topic, because there is so much misinformation and emotion included as fact; the facts are fairly straightforward and there are some definite biological advantages to circumcision.
-Gerald McMorrow
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