Type of Surgery

The 2D animation explains the process involved in a male cystoscopy procedure. A cystoscopy is a procedure that allows a urologist to see inside the urinary bladder. Note that the instruments shown in the animation are smaller relative to the patient in an actual cystoscopy.

Related Videos

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

This video shows precisely what a surgeon sees during a laparoscopic cholescystectomy. A laparoscopic cholescystectomy is gallbladder removal surgery using small incisions and cameras rather than a large abdominal incision. This video may be difficult for some viewers since it shows surgery on actual human tissue.

How the Body Works : How Bacteria Cause Disease

An artist's rendition of the body at the microscopic level is narrated in this video. It describes how bacteria enter the body during an infection and how the cells of the immune system mount an organized attack to fight the infection.

Gallstones reference

The narrated 3D animations shows the function of the gallbladder and explains how gallstones can be formed from cholesterol and bile salts. If gall stones block the outflow of bile from the gallbladder, a cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) may need to be performed.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes, when poorly controlled, can directly damage several organs and tissues like the kidney, the retina of the eye, and the nerves. Type 2 diabetes also leads to increased risk of heart disease and arterial disease and makes it harder for wounds to heal (delays healing).

Other Information

It's a controversial arena -- the PSA is a marker of prostate bulk and size, but it's highly expressed in benign prostate disease as well as cancer -- so in that context it's not a specific marker.


-Arul Chinnaiyan

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