Last updated: 02/17/2009

After the patient has been prepared for surgery and given general anesthesia, the surgeon usually enters the abdominal cavity by way of a laparotomy, which is a large incision made through the patient's abdominal wall. This type of surgery is sometimes...

referred to as open surgery. An alternative to laparotomy is laparoscopy, a surgical procedure in which a laparoscope (a thin tube with a built-in light source) and other instruments are inserted into the abdomen through small incisions. The internal operating field is then visualized on a video monitor that is connected to the scope. In some patients, the technique may be used for abdominal exploration in place of a laparotomy. Laparoscopy is associated with faster recovery times, shorter hospital stays, and smaller surgical scars, but requires advanced training on the part of the surgeon as well as costly equipment. Moreover, it offers a more limited view of the operating field.

Treating an intestinal obstruction depends on the condition causing the blockage. Some of the more common surgical procedures used to treat bowel obstructions include:

• Lysis of adhesions. The process of removing these bands of scar tissue is called lysis. After the abdominal cavity has been opened, the surgeon locates the obstructed area and delicately dissects the adhesions from the intestine using surgical scissors and forceps.
• Hernia repair. This procedure involves an incision placed near the location of the hernia through which the hernia sac is opened. The herniated intestine is placed back in the abdominal cavity and the muscle wall is repaired.
• Resection with end-to-end anastomosis. "Resection" means to remove part or all of a tissue or structure. Resection of the small or large intestine, therefore, involves the removal of the obstructed or diseased section. Anastomosis is the connection of two cut ends of a tubular structure to form a continuous channel; the anastomosis of the intestine is most often accomplished with sutures or surgical staples.
• Resection with ileostomy or colostomy. In some patients, an anastomosis is not possible because of the extent of the diseased tissue. After the obstruction and diseased tissue is removed, an ileostomy or colostomy is created. Ileostomy is a surgical procedure in which the small intestine is attached to the abdominal wall; waste then exits the body through an artificial opening called a stoma and collects in a bag attached to the skin with adhesive. Colostomy is a similar procedure with the exception that the colon is the part of the digestive tract that is attached to the abdominal wall.